Vitalik Buterin proposes ‘enshrined zkEVM’ to address layer-2 challenges on Ethereum

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin introduced a new concept for the blockchain platform called an “enshrined Zero-Knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machine (ZK-EVM) in a Dec. 13 blog post.

The main goal of the proposal is to substantially improve the efficiency and security of Ethereum’s Layer-2 protocols, which include optimistic and ZK rollups.

Addressing challenges in Layer-2 protocols

Buterin’s proposal arises from a need to streamline the current Layer-2 solutions on Ethereum. These protocols, vital for Ethereum’s scalability, depend heavily on EVM verification, which currently involves relying on a large, potentially vulnerable codebase.

Additionally, ZK-EVMs, designed to mimic the Layer-1 EVM, face the challenge of keeping up with changes in the main Ethereum protocol, leading to redundant efforts and increased risk of security flaws.

The solution proposed by Buterin involves embedding a ZK-EVM directly within the Ethereum network. This internal ZK-EVM would undertake the task of verifying Layer-1 Ethereum blocks, thereby offering a more efficient and secure approach.

As Ethereum advances, particularly with the development of light clients using ZK-SNARKs, the concept of a native ZK-EVM becomes increasingly practical and appealing.

Core aspects of the proposed ZK-EVM

Buterin envisions the ZK-EVM to focus mainly on verifying Ethereum blocks by processing inputs like a pre-state root, a block, and a post-state root.

This would ensure the integrity of the post-state root as a true outcome of block execution. The proposal also aligns with Ethereum’s multi-client philosophy, supporting the use of diverse proving systems and emphasizing the importance of data availability and auditability.

Implementing a ZK-EVM, as described by Buterin, presents several design challenges and trade-offs. Essential properties include:

1. Compatibility and Adaptability: The system should be flexible enough to support various proving systems, reflecting Ethereum’s commitment to a…